Counter-insurgency is normally conducted as a combination of conventional military operations and other means, such as propaganda, psy-ops, and assassinations. --T.E. ����,V��� (�000����' ��w�a�;> )�����^*��|��+��9$G�/��,�/dޓ�نAV�� �π���Z`mJp̠n�)������TR Qĉ�(����063�����|��ܭ.,�����i���^L b\�#g�Ε���Aj�0�J?��n%nx\�mx͋׻ However, counterinsurgency is a strange and complicated beast. Most insurgencies utilize a combination of guerrilla and terrorist tactics—the former are hit-and-run attacks directed primarily at government security forces, the latter are attacks directed primarily against civilians—supported by propaganda and political organizing. Only by living among the people and protecting them from insurgent intimidation can a military force gain the people's trust and thus acquire the understanding necessary to target insurgent cadres. The counterinsurgency guidance issued there is the argument that the by General McChrystal strongly echoed the appearance of stability in Iraq was counterinsurgency principles of FM 3–24 and illusory and that the country’s worst the guidance provided by General Petraeus in years still lie ahead Iraq. Moreover, in the case of Afghanistan, heavy airstrikes and substantial US support to war lords did managed to topple the Taliban regime, but did not extinguish the insurgency. Next, leaders might study a specific COIN operation in which integration of whole-of-government efforts made possible the defeat or significant diminution of the enemy. What deficiencies have you identified in your own understanding of COIN? 470 0 obj <> endobj trailer Property & Peace: Insurgency, Strategy and the Statute of Frauds, DIA, 2008. To understand counter-insurgency, one must understand insurgencyto comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare. That is, the support of the people is the primary objective of a counterinsurgency campaign. endstream endobj 471 0 obj<>/Metadata 95 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 94 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 97 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20090608183821)/PageLabels 92 0 R>> endobj 472 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 473 0 obj[474 0 R 475 0 R 476 0 R 477 0 R 478 0 R 479 0 R 480 0 R] endobj 474 0 obj<>/A 504 0 R/H/I/StructParent 1/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 475 0 obj<>/A 503 0 R/H/I/StructParent 2/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 476 0 obj<>/A 502 0 R/H/I/StructParent 3/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 477 0 obj<>/A 501 0 R/H/I/StructParent 4/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 478 0 obj<>/A 500 0 R/H/I/StructParent 5/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 479 0 obj<>/A 499 0 R/H/I/StructParent 6/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 480 0 obj<>/A 498 0 R/H/I/StructParent 7/Border[0 0 0]/Type/Annot>> endobj 481 0 obj<> endobj 482 0 obj<> endobj 483 0 obj<> endobj 484 0 obj[/Indexed 485 0 R 46 505 0 R] endobj 485 0 obj[/ICCBased 497 0 R] endobj 486 0 obj<> endobj 487 0 obj<> endobj 488 0 obj<> endobj 489 0 obj<>stream It will be combined 0000005456 00000 n 0000002540 00000 n Successfully countering an insurgency will require commanders to skillfully synchronize multiple lines of operations, acting in concert with host-nation forces as well as representatives of other U.S. government agencies. principles) in counter-insurgency warfare in order to optimize conditions for success on the battlefield as well as throughout the duration of the conflict. 0000011630 00000 n Irregular warfare is the oldest form of warfare—it long predates the rise of conventional armies in ancient Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. 0000005789 00000 n Thompson's underlying assumption is that of a country minimally … %%EOF 0000010997 00000 n ]��!s�6r�V�:;�'J?���5nvΘ����[&�6[|t�����O�������QN��e�v�b*���9Ӯ}_��/���Yn�����I��}g�D��_ya�k�G��UOZ���m�J��~-'j=GGGG��� �]ܠFA����:@ ,,�f`���00i ��| JLv�@Z����%x�-x��7��P����tJ>���@:��y��3�C��sMm�a���P�|@��CC͋�����i��&�x�H,��pA��������ƃ�,2"ҽl@�� GX��7X00� �cx��`������ �l�b%��ib+8���8����H�00H��˂�}m�ڮ��/�u�՜�rl���G�B릗��NG$m4Z��F����p�(>H?� Ԗ���x;(�( � kK�� Consequently, … 0000002916 00000 n H�tT]o�0}ϯ��0%��TUZ�Vj�HU˴��8��#B��w��Ǻ.y ���{�.F,b��P���x�͠�!�Q�80(��� >���@ZU It is based on existing doctrine and lessons learned from recent combat operations. 0000014523 00000 n The widely distributed and influential work of Sir Robert Thompson offers several such guidelines. Such unrestrained use of force characterised by outrageous airpower shooting and heavy attacks on the hamlets severely damaged their credibility with the rural population (Ong, 2007, p. 16). 0000014469 00000 n Lawrence attributed his success in aiding the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire to "hard study and brain-work and concentration," an example at odds with what he denounced as the "fundamental, crippling, incuriousness" of many fellow officers who were "too much body and too little head." As John Paul Vann, an American adviser in Vietnam, said, "Security may be ten percent of the problem, or it may be ninety percent, but whatever it is, it's the first ten percent or the first ninety percent. However, counterinsurgency is a strange and complicated beast. This infers a connection between this past decade of counterinsurgency, and the people’s wars of previous eras. Understanding what is involved in such campaigns will give civilian 0000005712 00000 n The security line of operations must be buttressed by attempts to win the trust of the populace and enhance the legitimacy of the counterinsurgents. x�b```b``�d`c`�� Ȁ ���, ,YdE{.~��zN�}�%���ҟ�60`|B�F! That said, the strategic significance of insurgency has ebbed and flowed over time. In true Clausewitzian fashion, the first principle – the political aim – is regarded as the most important, with the others all being of … Demarest, Geoffrey. The author concludes that a Viet Cong military victory in South Vietnam is not possible as long as the United States in supporting the government. An insurgency is an organized uprising that uses violent and nonviolent means to overthrow an existing government or to wrest away control, either de jure or de facto, over part of its territory. 0000005213 00000 n Created Date: 2/15/2008 12:09:02 PM The Taliban … Insurgents capitalize on societal problems, often called gaps; counte… 509 0 obj<>stream endstream endobj 490 0 obj<>stream the principles of warfare remain the same. <]>> Our enemies study, and are inspired by, the examples of Vietnam, Beirut (1983), Somalia (1993), Iraq, Afghanistan and other conflicts where irregular forces have inflicted significant setbacks and even defeats on American forces. Discussion of the criteria for measuring success in counterinsurgency. Nor does it necessarily involve spending lots of money on expensive public-works projects that the locals may not want and will be unable to operate on their own. x�bb�``b``Ń3� ���ţ�A.0 ��� 0000008763 00000 n Examples include the American Revolution, the Irish War of Independence, Yugoslavia during World War II, the French wars in Indochina and Algeria, the US war in Vietnam, and the Soviet campaign in Afghanistan. Insurgencies typically have political or religious motivation but criminal gangs can also become powerful enough to imperil a state's authority. To what extent do you see classical principles of counterinsurgency still applicable today? Block 2: Principles and Paradoxes of Counterinsurgency Module 2.1 Population-centric and Enemy-centric COIN Module 2.2 NATO Principles of COIN Module 2.3 Paradoxes of COIN Block 3: Operational Environment Module 3.1 Elements of a Stable State Module 3.2 Elements of State Instability Module 3.3 Components and Analysis of the Operational Environment How "self determination" and "services" are defined will vary from country to country and even from village to village. Principles of Counterinsurgency The principles and imperatives of modern coun­ terinsurgency provide guideposts for forces engaged in cOiN campaigns. endstream endobj 508 0 obj<>/Size 470/Type/XRef>>stream "Irregular warfare is far more intellectual than a bayonet charge." Fundamental Principles of COIN . 0000014415 00000 n H�|�Ko�0������E�mأ���Q*E�(�. 1 - 1 1-2. U�?��c�=�Fi���֘��+�v���W��R3ki �E���rrUg��x���Q_���Ik���A-�N5�M�1:�Q�\��ucB�>p]Y�C�x0���q�0 |f��4 ��D�[��I荴X�J��U~�0�|׊O(L�o�� գ,1c8ܚ���ԫVz����)��i�ZQ���T (2010). 0000005177 00000 n 0000006447 00000 n 0000003218 00000 n FM 3-05.2, Foreign Internal Defense, September 2011. Principles. Counterinsurgency is the use of all elements of a nation's power—including not only combined-arms operations but also psychological, political, economic, intelligence, and diplomatic operations—to defeat an insurgency. startxref 0000014936 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n 0000014362 00000 n But, while the aggressive pursuit of insurgent forces is necessary, it is insufficient to achieve victory—and if undertaken in indiscriminate fashion can actually backfire by creating more insurgents than you capture or kill. 0000003369 00000 n Letter from Iraq: The Lesson of Tal Afar, by George Packard, The New Yorker, April 10, 2006, The Colombian Miracle by Max Boot and Richard W. Bennett, The Weekly Standard, December 7, 2009, 28 Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counterinsurgency by David Kilcullen, Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars, by Frank Hoffman, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Dr. Ucko and Dr. Egnell explore the lessons about counterinsurgency that we have learned during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. What enemy TTPs and environmental conditions can we incorporate into our training to improve our COIN proficiency? counterinsurgency” requires that civilian political leadership have a core understanding of the basic principles of COIN. It is based on lessons learned from historic counterinsurgencies and current operations. Following the principles and imperatives does not guarantee success, which is just one of the several paradoxes of counterinsurgency. and Psychological Dimensions of War, Strategy and the Political Dimensions of War, Technology, Doctrine and Combat Development, FM 3-24: Army/Marine Counterinsurgency Field Manual, ATTP 3-37.31, Civilian Casualties Mitigation, June 2012, FM 3-05.2, Foreign Internal Defense, September 2011. studied FM 3-24 and now understand the history, philosophy and theory of counterinsurgency. Irregular warfare has been ubiquitous throughout history and is more important than ever today, at a time when conventional warfare is growing increasingly rare. Using the principles of revolutionary warfare evolved by the British Staff College, Camberley, the author has examined the validity of those principles. 0000004224 00000 n Sir Robert Thompson’s Lessons for Iraq: Bringing the ‘Basic Principles of Counter‐Insurgency’ into the 21st Century. 0 First, maneuver leaders should become familiar with the relevant Army doctrine, which in turn can provide leaders with a context for studying history. Principles of Counterinsurgency . H�l�MO�0���s�W$������p �R#q�{HS��nk������_��‰�y�}�u��@DB��D$e�B5B,�8� �Z�v�`ИA�ʆ�vO��*�;X�q>v}. 0000003520 00000 n Future combat leaders should heed Lawrence's injunction to study hard, especially when preparing for COIN—the most intellectually challenging realm of warfare. This manual continues the efforts of FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency, %PDF-1.4 %���� The author concludes that a Viet Cong military victory in South Vietnam is not possible as … The remaining six chapters cover the operational aspects of the overall campaign; intelligence, the … 0000003067 00000 n 0000007224 00000 n At its core, a counterinsurgency is a battle for government legitimacy in the minds of its people. *�:����p��^� 'i����ߵ�y#p3J!�:�ā�k�Z�j(��5Vq���tm���|�ҹw�%ޠą��QZ��� Conversely leaders should also look at unsuccessful COIN campaigns to see what mistakes to avoid. T.E. from the early “classics” of the Western counterinsurgency canon such as those of David Galula and Sir Robert Thompson through to the recent U.S. field manual on counterinsurgency, FM 3-24.10 As discussed in detail below, there is reason to believe that two core principles of Western counterinsurgency doctrine—the need to 470 40 #�pt 0000002614 00000 n 0000003672 00000 n The Army should use the lessons learned in Iraq and Afghanistan to more effectively combat the current war against sexual predators in the Armed Forces. Second, once familiar with relevant doctrine, leaders should read books and articles that provide an overview of irregular warfare operations since ancient times as well as accounts of its evolution since the early 20th century. 0000001899 00000 n What are some principles, which you have identified, that have not changed with the evolution of technology? The third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado(1684–1732) is probably the earliest author who dealt systematically in his writings with counter-insurgency. 0000008019 00000 n It does mean addressing the desire of the people for self-determination and the delivery of some basic governmental services. endstream endobj 491 0 obj<>stream Formalized property regimes will lessen chances of conflict within a society. From Strategy to Tactics 61 Command Problems 61 Selection of the Area of Efforts 67 Political Preparation 71 The First Area as … Counter-insurgency operations include many different facets: military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken to defeat insurgency. What training can I implement into my unit so that subordinates will develop a better understanding of COIN? The first five chapters cover aspects of the law, the principles of counter insurgency, a concept of operations and the coordination of a plan of action by a government at the strategic level. �"�Gi���n�,�ahX��-����g�/� ��{�l�d�>��&2̈!�Ld�'�3M�*$0z� ? 0000002157 00000 n Additional counterinsurgency doctrine is being developed. Without security nothing else will last." The enclosed Allied Joint Publication AJP-3.4.4, Edition A, Version 1, ALLIED JOINT DOCTRINE FOR COUNTER-INSURGENCY (COIN), which has been Following the principles and imperatives does not guarantee suc­ cess, which is just one of the several paradoxes of counterinsurgency. Rufus Phillips discusses his role as an American Advisor to the South Vietnamese Army in the 1950s and the lessons he learned from this experience. But what does all the theory mean, at the company level? It is the foremost responsibility of a commander in a COIN environment to understand the unique human and geographical terrain on which the maneuver forces operate. (qRO�Ҫ����l��fW�s�{����՛������_͖s�p?�������6��#NA(p�B*)�L�TD�O�"ɉbXs���G 0000019861 00000 n 0000001118 00000 n Counterinsurgency Principles for the Diplomat. xref It is based on lessons learned from previous counterinsurgencies and contemporary operations. Combined-arms operations will be required to route insurgents out of their strongholds and to provide security against their incursions into population centers. July, 2008. General Petraeus: I think many of the concepts of the past counterinsurgency campaigns remain valid. Army Field Manual 3-24: Counterinsurgency [open pdf - 14 MB] "This field manual/Marine Corps war-fighting publication establishes doctrine (fundamental principles) for military operations in a counterinsurgency (COIN) environment. Department of the Army Field Manual (FM) 3-24, Counterinsurgency, defines COIN as military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat an insurgency. Some of that intelligence can be acquired by technical means, but there is no substitute for the situational awareness provided by security forces (whether American or host-nation) who are in daily contact with the population. fG1400263H the contrary, the US Army considered it its greatest technological advantage against the insurgents (Laqueur, 1998, p. 275). For all these reasons irregular warfare will continue to be prevalent. ]JKa��c*����idD�#���^PQ[b�;sd�G���j���ߨ$�?�=�3 ��o�8���Tdi�� 0000014577 00000 n International organizations, non-governmental organizations, and the news media are also likely to be present on the battlefield, and the successful commander must interact with them constructively, and if possible use them to achieve campaign objectives, even though they are outside the military chain of command. This FMI establishes doctrine (fundamental principles and TTP) for military operations in a counterinsurgency environment. 5. counterinsurgency campaigns exhibited fundamental characteristics that remained constant. Counterinsurgency is warfare; it is distinctly political, not primarily military; and it involves the people, the government, and the military. Certain basic principles of counter-insurgency warfare have been well known since the 1950s and 1960s. 10, The Janus Face of War Counter Insurgency in the Post Modern Era, pp. The strength of the relationship between these three groups generally determines the outcome of the campaign. Counterinsurgency (COIN) operations are very complex and have been the topic of numerous books, articles, and debates over the last decade. 1. If there were no immutable laws or empirical formulas for counterinsurgency, there existed certain basic principles and traits that marked and will continue to mark successful, and unsuccessful, outcomes. ATTP 3-37.31, Civilian Casualties Mitigation, June 2012. In his Reflexiones Militares, published between 1726 and 1730, he discussed how to spot early signs of an incipient insurgency, prevent insurgencies, and counter them, if they could not be warded off. 0000002766 00000 n 177-194. There 0000005131 00000 n ... What are some principles, which you have identified, that have not changed with the evolution of technology? America's enemies understand that to fight the U.S. armed forces with conventional forces in the open field is tantamount to suicide—as Saddam Hussein discovered for himself. The basis of successful counterinsurgency is acquiring intelligence to identify an enemy that often hides in plain sight. 0000001714 00000 n Strikingly, Santa Cruz recognized that insurgencies are usually due to real grievances: "A state rarely rises up without the fault of its governors." g�D�v֦R"N����o��Z���7�-s;�=�+W �p�K%a��n�aZ��������LUa�>}x=d�0T! The ten principles for counterinsurgency, explained in Chapter 3, are: 1. 0000010305 00000 n Accessed here at Small Wars Journal. iӍ�u��HMnT��=):���֯d7'�E��+\��&z����8=�qE��@?�]�L�8�Nj�-��WSV��:=�B�6xR�Wt��x��9"8��]�#dz���1'��7Y�'I�N�0c��"r����O�m�닔�.��Q�f���X�U�=� �)?f From: Counter Insurgency Operations(1995) These principles are in fact derived from earlier UK works dating back as far as 1977. How did the leaders who led successful COIN operations in the past prepare prior to combat. Insurgents, in fact, count on security forces to over-react and thereby to drive more recruits into their ranks. Counterinsurgency is the use of all elements of a nation's power—including not only combined-arms operations but also psychological, political, economic, intelligence, and diplomatic operations—to defeat an insurgency. Counter-Insurgency is normally conducted as a combination of offensive, defensive, the! 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