Cadmium has been implicated in promoting apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA methylation and DNA damage. This metal is added to gasoline as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and thus, gasoline fumes contain a very toxic form of manganese [19]. Heavy metal and human health 2. As such, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States has reduced the tolerable amount of lead in children’s blood from 25 to 10 μg/dL and recommended universal screening of blood lead for all children. Written by Dr. Edward Group Founder Health Information You Can Trust . Lead can disrupt neurotransmission by inhibiting the neuronal voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels (VGCCs) [61]. Organic mercury is lipophilic in nature and thus can easily penetrate cell membranes. 2000 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 2020 Dec 4;4(6):e115. Arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium: Toxicity, levels in breast milk and the risks for breastfed infants. Arsenic has also been shown to generate free radicals such as superoxide (O2•–), singlet oxygen (1O2), nitric oxide (NO•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the peroxyl radical (ROO•) [32], dimethylarsinic peroxyl radicals ((CH3)2AsOO•) and also the dimethylarsinic radical ((CH3)2As•) [33] in some studies though the mechanism for the generation of all these reactive species remains unclear. Mercury and its compound affects the nervous system and thus increased exposure of mercury can alter brain functions and lead to tremors, shyness, irritability, memory problems and changes in hearing or vision. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. These chelating agents can be effective, but they must be used in conjunction with a practitioner’s consultation to make sure they don’t cause side effects. In fact, cadmium is re-absorbed by the kidney thereby limiting its excretion. By Enoch F. Sam, David K. Blay, Samuel Antwi, Constance Anaafi and Juliet A. Adoma. In the human body, these heavy metals are transported and compartmentalized into body cells and tissues binding to proteins, nucleic acids destroying these macromolecules and disrupting their cellular functions. This is a heavy metal which is used in industries to produce copper pipes, cables, wires, copper cookware, etc. Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. The main mechanism of heavy metal toxicity include the generation of free radicals to cause oxidative stress, damage of biological molecules such as enzymes, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, damage of DNA which is key to carcinogenesis as well as neurotoxicity. Heavy metals are individual metals and metal com- pounds that can impact human health. Elemental and methylmercury are toxic to the central and peripheral nervous systems. The presence of heavy metals cannot be seen with naked eyes, but can be detected with a water test. Olawoyin R(1), Oyewole SA, Grayson RL. The p53 protein is an important protein in cell division as it guards a cell-cycle checkpoint and control cell division [35]. For example, some heavy metals inhibit the cellular function, which is to protect the organism from oxidative damage, reducing the effectiveness of this antioxidant defense system for detoxification. Following the anthropogenic activities by humans, disposal of sewage and use of fertilizers may lead to the release of chromium into the environment [16]. Although these heavy metals are present in the ecosystem, their exposure to humans is through various anthropogenic activities of man. There has been a debate on the safety of dental amalgams and claims have been made that mercury from amalgam may cause a variety of diseases. eCollection 2020 Dec. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Cadmium displaces zinc and calcium ions from zinc finger proteins and metalloproteins [76, 77]. Some heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, manganese, arsenic can enter the body through the gastrointestinal route; that is, through the mouth when eating food, fruits, vegetables or drinking water or other beverages. More focus will be laid on the various mechanisms that lead to heavy metal toxicity with emphasis on macromolecule and cellular damages, carcinogenesis, neurotoxicity and the molecular basis for their noxious effects. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals are thus commonly defined as those having a specific density of more than 5 g/cm3. The NMDAR is known to enhance learning and memory mediated by the hippocampus [47] as this has been confirmed in animal studies in which animals exposed to lead during its developmental process exhibit similar learning deficits comparable to those with the absence or impaired NMDARs [48, 49]. As the source of drinking water sample mentioned surface; ground and tap waters collected in some part of Lagos Metropolis. Vanadium is a heavy metal that occurs in various oxidative states and has been shown to generate free radical. Heavy metals are toxic to soil, plants, aquatic life and human health if their concentration is high in the compost. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Cell Viability and Immune Response to Low Concentrations of Nickel and Cadmium: An In Vitro Model. Heavy metals may also inhibit protein folding. The OH• radical formed is capable of reacting with several biomolecules. Heavy metals can damage and alter the functioning of organs such as the brain, kidney, lungs, liver, and blood. The Effects of Toxic Metals. Regulatory limit of selected heavy metals. Heavy metals have been used by humans … They can be found in cosmetics, contaminated water, medications, household items, canned foods, cigarette smoke, and even in your favorite soft drink. It can also cause anemia, irritations and ulcers in the small intestine and stomach, damage sperm and male reproductive system. A number of prospective epidemiologic studies in children less than 5 years of age have shown that low-level of lead exposure (5–25 μg/dL in blood) resulted to the impairment of intellectual development which was manifested by the lost of intelligence quotient points [85]. In the plasma, vanadium (V) is rapidly reduced to vanadium (IV) by NADPH and ascorbic acid antioxidants which bind to plasma proteins for transportation [31]. Also, the aggregates contained a wide variety of proteins enriched in functions related to metabolism, protein folding, protein synthesis and stabilization [79]. ver, lung, kidney or bladder in 13 per 1000 persons. These heavy metals do bioaccumulate in living organisms and the human body through various processes causing adverse effects. Thus, there are substantial evidence of chromium to promote carcinogenicity of humans as increase stomach tumors have been observed in animals and humans who were exposed to chromium(VI) in drinking water. Food chain polluted with toxic metals and metalloids is a significant path of human exposure and thus may cause a number of hazardous effects on human health.  |  Even though there are no immediate problems, heavy metals keep on accumulating in our body. Heavy metals are toxic to soil, plants, aquatic life and human health if their concentration is high in the compost. NLM The disruption of ATP synthesis by manganese leads to decreased intracellular ATP levels and generation of free radicals thereby increasing oxidative stress [68] which may contribute to manganese cellular toxicity [69]. Keywords: Bioavailability, Contamination, Heavy metals, Human health… The health effects of cadmium exposure are exacerbated due to the inability of the human body to excrete cadmium. More so, the carcinogenic effects of certain heavy metals have been related to the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors such as AP-1, NF-κB and p53 through the recycling of electrons by antioxidant network. Mercury is an element that can easily combine with other elements to form inorganic and organic mercury. The general population does not face a significant health risk from methyl mercury, although certain groups with high fish consumption may attain blood levels associated with a low risk of neurological damage to adults. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Though in vivo studies have not revealed copper-induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), in vitro studies clearly demonstrated LDL oxidation induced by copper [28]. It is used in the production of batteries, nickel-plated jewelry, machine parts, nickel plating on metallic objects, manufacture of steel, cigarette smoking, wire, electrical parts, etc. Acute exposure of lead can cause headache, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, fatigue, sleeplessness, hallucinations, vertigo, renal dysfunction, hypertension and arthritis while chronic exposure can result in birth defects, mental retardation, autism, psychosis, allergies, paralysis, weight loss, dyslexia, hyperactivity, muscular weakness, kidney damage, brain damage, coma and may even cause death [81]. 81 possible environmental impact of the local metallurgical industry, and to investigate the effect of 82 heavy metal contamination on human health in the Wumeng mountain area of China. Certain heavy metals such as copper, iron and cobalt can exist both as sulfide and oxide ores. In this acidic medium, they are oxidized to their various oxidative states (Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, As2+, As3+, Ag+, Hg2+, etc.) Environ Epidemiol. Home > Books > Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog? Thus, cadmium exposure can cause renal dysfunction and kidney disease. Iron salts such as iron sulfate, iron sulfate heptahydrate and iron sulfate monohydrate are of low acute toxicity when exposure is through dermal, oral and inhalation routes. Other forms of mercury contamination in humans may be through anthropogenic activities such as municipal wastewater discharges, agriculture, incineration, mining, and discharges of industrial wastewater [13]. Lower level exposure to arsenic can cause nausea and vomiting, reduced production of erythrocytes and leukocytes and damage blood vessels, cause abnormal heart beat and pricking sensation in hands and legs. The Health Effects of Heavy Metal Music Written By Michael Greger M.D. However, the proposed mechanism of mercury-induced cancer is through the generation of free radicals inducing oxidative stress thereby damaging biomolecules. Heavy metal may cause proteins to aggregate as arsenite-induced protein aggregation was observed and shown to be concentration-dependent. Toxicity of heavy metals depends on a lot of factors such as which metal is present, the nature of the metal, the biological role of the metal, the organism exposed and the period of the organisms life when it is exposed. Chronic levels of mercury exposure can lead to erethism, a disease condition characterized by excitability, tremor of the hands, memory loss, timidity, and insomnia. The order of heavy metal in terms of their efficacy in folding inhibition is mercury > cadmium > lead and correlates with the relative stability of their monodentate complexes with imidazole, thiol and carboxylate groups in proteins [79]. The various health effects of some heavy metals will be highlighted below. Arsenic compounds have been shown in an in vitro cell line study to promote genotoxicity in humans and mice leucocytes [39]. Exposure to elevated levels of lead can cause the plasma membrane of the blood brain barrier to move into the interstitial spaces leading to edema [84]. For example, methylmercury (MeHg) strongly inhibits the activity ofl-glutamined-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in yeast [75]. Also, lead exposure can disrupt the intracellular second messenger systems and alter the functioning of the central nervous system. The Egyptians and Indians ate with gold and silver utensils and cutlery and used copper vessels to store and drink water. Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta. The regulatory limit for some selected heavy metals is shown in Table 1. Although there is no clear definition of what a heavy metal is, density is in most cases taken to be the defining factor. These include substances such as DMSA, DMPS, and EDTA. doi: 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000115. The results showed that the residents in the e-waste recycling sites are facing a potential higher daily intake of heavy metals. in drinking water and their effects on human health [8]. Tajchman K, Ukalska-Jaruga A, Bogdaszewski M, Pecio M, Dziki-Michalska K. Animals (Basel). In the hippocampus, NMDAR is a neural receptor which consists of two or more subunits; an obligatory NR1 subunit and one or more subunits from the NR2 particularly NR2A, NR2B and NR3 families. Recent data indicate that adverse health effects of cadmium exposure may occur at lower exposure levels than previously anticipated, primarily in the form of kidney damage but possibly also bone effects and fractures. Long-term exposure can lead to the formation of skin lesions, pulmonary disease, neurological problems, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease [82]. It was observed that Cr5+ intermediates were generated as a result of one-electron reduction. Such replacement can convert the enzyme structurally to an inactive form and completely alter its activity. Also, it can be found in food stuff such as imitation whip cream, unrefined grains and cereals, commercial peanut butter, hydrogenated vegetable oils, as well as contaminated alcoholic beverages [19]. Following his experimental observations, he proposed the following mechanism: At the initiation stage, the radical (R•)/OH• attacks the lipid membrane to form a radial lipid. Thus, heavy metals may induce carcinogenic effect by targeting a number of these proteins. Chromium (Cr), particularly Cr4+ has been shown in in vitro studies to generate free radicals from H2O2 [29]. Epub 2013 Jun 19. Therefore, significant human exposure to cadmium can be by the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs especially cereals, grains, fruits and leafy vegetables as well as contaminated beverages [14, 15]. Health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans. Literature data show that in commercially available cosmetics toxic metals may be present in amounts creating a danger to human health. Dietary intake of many heavy metals through consumption of plants has long term detrimental effects on human health. Majority of cadmium, about three-fourths is used as electrode component in producing alkaline batteries. J Cell Biochem. Generally, proteins are not easily damaged by H2O2 and other simple oxidants unless transition metals are present. For instance, cadmium can replace zinc in certain dehydrogenating enzymes, leading to cadmium toxicity. Occupational exposure to arsenic, primarily by inhalation, is causally associated with lung cancer. In this review we summarized effects of various toxic metals on human health. Drinking water may be contaminated with arsenic which is present in wood preservatives, herbicides, pesticides, fungicides and paints [10]. Also, lead has been shown to reduce the expression of key presynaptic proteins such as synaptobrevin (Syb) and synaptophysin (Syn) involved in vesicular neurotransmitter release [59, 60]. The general population is exposed to lead from air and food in roughly equal proportions. It has also been demonstrated that nickel can generate free radicals, which contributes to carcinogenic processes [45]. It has an average concentration in the soil of 5 to 6 mg/kg. The exposures to heavy metals cause increase or decrease in hematological indices, with decline in protein and glycogen reserves. This metal is mostly used in industries for the production of paints, pigments alloys, coatings, batteries as well as plastics. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2.3 Metals That May Have Some Beneficial Effect A few metals are not known to be essential to human health but may have some beneficial effects at low levels of exposure. Certain heavy metals are known to generate free radicals which may lead to oxidative stress and cause other cellular damages (see [22] for review). Potential Sources . When OH• reacts with guanine, a nitrogenous base of nucleic acids, it leads to the generation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and 2,6-diamino-5-formamido-4-hydroxypyrimidine (FAPy-G), in which the former is a good marker for oxidative damage [23]. Iron-induced free radicals can initiate cancer by the oxidation of DNA leading to DNA damage [94]. 2020 Dec 16;9(12):1781. doi: 10.3390/plants9121781. Selenium modifies associations between multiple metals and neurologic symptoms in Gulf states residents. Epub 2016 Sep 10. They are present in the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere [8].  |  ao. For example, toxic arsenic present in fungicides, herbicides and insecticides can attack –SH groups in enzymes to inhibit their catalytic activities as shown in Figure 3. Lead poisoning is mostly related to the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system in children and adults [83]. In particular, the public should be aware of glazed food containers, which may leach lead into food. People exposed to heavy metals through water consumption are vulnerable to cancer and other risks. Nickel has an extensive range of carcinogenic mechanisms which include regulation of transcription factors, controlled expression of certain genes and generation of free radicals. Chronic arsenic toxicity which is termed arsenicosis usually focus on skin manifestations such as pigmentation and keratosis [81]. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. while short-term exposure to organic mercury poisoning can lead to depression, tremors, headache, fatigue, memory problems, hair loss, etc. In addition to the above reactions, the following reactions below can also occur: Hydroxyl radical (OH•) is the most common free radical generated by the oxidation of iron. The allergic reactions due to chromium include severe redness and swelling of the skin. Heavy metal contamination in drinking water poses a threat to humans and is often the root cause of various severe health issues such as cancer and organ damage. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. Lead can disrupt transcription processes by replacing zinc in certain regulatory proteins [42]. There exist various mechanisms of heavy metal-induced carcinogenesis. Among the heavy metals, As, Cd and Pb have extensively been studied for their public health effects [2,8]. *Address all correspondence to: engwagodwill@gmail.com. Vegetables are considered to be an important component of human diet as they are rich sources of vitamins, minerals and fibers. Also, it can be found in some chemical, electrical-equipment, automotive, metal-processing, and building industries. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. It is well documented that metal-induced generation of oxygen reactive species can attack polyunsaturated fatty acid such as phospholipids. To do so, a well owner must be aware of their well's potential for contamination and the possible health effects those potential contaminants can have. Many studies have demonstrated that heavy metals existing as a mixture in the atmospheric environment cause adverse effects on human health and are important key factors of cytotoxicity; however, little investigation has been conducted on a toxicological study of a metal mixture from atmospheric fine particulate matter. Reduction of Ca2+ entry into the cell will prevent neurotransmitter release and thus impair signalization leading to neurological disease states [62, 63]. Lead toxicity is targeted towards the memory and learning processes of the brain and can be mediated through three processes. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce cadmium exposure in the general population in order to minimize the risk of adverse health effects. Also, long term accumulation of heavy metals in the body may result in slowing the progression of physical, muscular and neurological degenerative processes that mimic certain diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease [6]. For example, the tumor suppressor gene-coded DNA was suppressed when arsenic was bound to methyl-transferase [41]. Heavy metal toxicity has a slow degenerative effect on the body. rzo5017@psu.edu The issue of heavy metals contamination and its effects on human health and the environment is one of the biggest health concerns in recent years. Built by scientists, for scientists. Mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication in humans. Humans may directly get in contact with heavy metals by consuming contaminated food stuffs, sea animals, and drinking of water, through inhalation of polluted air as dust fumes, or through occupational exposure at workplace [20]. Exposure to chromium compounds can result in the formation of ulcers such as nasal septum ulcer which are very common in chromate workers. A diagnosis of heavy metal poisoning in sheep living on pasture in the vicinity of a zinc smelter was made based on laboratory tests and clinical signs in livestock in the Wumeng mountain area of China. Also, a methylated form of arsenic was shown to inhibit DNA repair processes and also generate ROS in liver and spleen as metabolic products [40]. But, heavy metals are the most damaging chemicals in water. ABSTRACT In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on the health implications of large industrial establishments. Although lead in petrol has dramatically decreased over the last decades, thereby reducing environmental exposure, phasing out any remaining uses of lead additives in motor fuels should be encouraged. Developing fetuses and children are most vulnerable to neurotoxic effects due to lead exposure. The Cu2+ in the presence of biological reductants such as glutathione (GSH) or ascorbic acid can be reduced to Cu+ which is capable of catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 to form OH• via the Fenton reaction [26] as shown below. Furthermore, manganese can oxidize dopamine (DA) to react with quinone species thereby disrupting the dopaminergic system (for review, see [70]). As such, heavy metal toxicity can have several consequences in the human body. Therefore, breathing high levels of chromium (VI) can cause irritation to the lining of the nose and nose ulcers. The metallic mercury is a shiny silver-white, odorless liquid metal which becomes colorless and odorless gas upon heating. Long-term exposure to cadmium leads to its deposition in bones and lungs. The symptoms of manganism are very similar to that of Parkinson disease. [10] reported that drinking 1 L/day water with As of 50 µg/L over one’s life time could lead to cancer of the li. It is still a common practice in India to cover sweetmeats by a silver or golden foil. Furthermore, when these heavy metals are used in the industries for various industrial purposes, some of these elements are released into the air during combustion or into the soil or water bodies as effluents. Chronic arsenicosis may results to irreversible changes in the vital organs and possibly lead to death. Heavy metals concentrations were determined in the samples using atomic … Some heavy metals are known to have carcinogenic effect. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. It was also observed that when protein misfolded in the presence of heavy metals, the misfolded protein could not be rescued in the presence of reduced glutathione or EDTA chelator. Arsenic is distributed in blood and accumulates in heart, lung, liver, kidney, muscle and neural tissues and also in the skin, nails and hair. Even rice is known to contain high levels of arsenic. Some of the heavy metal toxicity could be acute while others could be chronic after long-term exposure which may lead to the damage of several organs in the body such as the brain, lungs, liver, and kidney causing diseases in the body. Increased cadmium toxicity in this population was found to be associated with increased risk of bone fractures in women, as well as decreased bone density and height loss in males and females. The influence of these heavy metals on plants and their metabolic activities caused by the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil were briefly discussed in this article. Precious metals have been used since ancient times by the Egyptians and in Ayurveda to cure various ailments as they are considered to provide innumerable health benefits. Manganese is known to accumulate in the mitochondria of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes cells and disrupts ATP synthesis [65] by inhibiting the F1/F0 ATP synthase [65] or complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase) of the mitochondrial respiration chain [66]. The main cause of cancer due to iron intoxication is through the generation of free radicals. This category of metals termed heavy metals have not only been known for their high density but most importantly for their adverse effects to the ecosystem and living organisms [3]. Include silicon, nickel, boron, and vanadium substrate for certain enzymes activities as minerals sperm. ; 30 ( 3 ):167-176. doi: 10.1002/jcb.26234 22 ] there no! Concentrations in an Urban Sri Lankan population: an Autopsy study, in... Advantage of the impact of heavy metals are ingested through food or water the! Labeo rohita higher daily intake of the other heavy metals affect the heart brain. Microelectronic industries write another book on this subject and reach those readers and strong bonds often present ores... To form cations, run-off or acid rain to different locations on soils and water bodies taken reduce. [ 18 ] organisms and the 33rd on the human body of specific heavy metals on human health in small. Group of methionine ) Co2+ has been implicated in promoting apoptosis, and, most importantly, progression... Effect of heavy metals was carried out on the potential of mercury to act as a or! Presented by Bucher et al indicating a deficit in glutamatergic and GABAergic systems! ( Duffus, 2002 ) discusses the inappropriateness of this term and the body. In food containers, which contributes to carcinogenic processes [ 45 ] fetuses children! Reproduction problem because it affects sperm and reduces birth weight more than 5 g/cm3 environmental. Mainly due to lead, cadmium can cause irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system in and. 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